Проблемы литератур Дальнего Востока. Часть 2

Секция 4 • Panel 4 Проблемы литератур Дальнего Востока. Т. 1 66 The basic SVO order and no other argument marking are the typical properties of binominative sentences of equivalence with the predicates ٬ zhí — стоить (‘to be worth’), ۿ xiàng — быть похожим (‘to resemble’), and 䝽 pèi — подходить (‘to match’) — they have a very limited set of syntactic features. In fact, these verbs are copulas linking two NP in sentences of identification or ascribing a particular attribute to the main argument (14): (14) ⦻䫒ᖸ ۿ Ԇକକ Wáng Gāng hěn xiàng tā gēgē — Ван Ган похож на своего старшего брата (‘Wang Gang resembles his elder brother’) For the stimulus verb болеть (‘to be sick’), no two-place predicate was found in Chinese, since the existing predicate Ⰻ tóng has only one argument. Therefore, the only possible way to introduce the second participant is to use an adnominal possession; thereby, the attributive marker Ⲵ de may be omitted for parts of the body as unalienable entities. (15) ⦻ ࡊ Ⲵ ཤᖸⰋ Wáng Gāng (de) tóu hěn tóng — У Ван Гана болит голова (‘Wang Gang has a headache’) Apart from the linear order, another argument-coding device inMandarin Chinese is a great number of function words, which are variously defined by researchers (as auxiliary verbs, co-verbs, prepositions, adpositions, “analytical cases”), and can’t be grouped into a single class with homogeneous grammatical features. They are united by verbal origin because of high frequency of verbal serialization in Chinese — therefore, some of these units retain verbal attributes (for example, aspectual affix) and may have more than one possible position in a sentence, but other their properties vary greatly. The basic set includes prepositions which are functional analogues of Russian cases, which are used to introduce direct and indirect objects into a sentence — thereby, they may express different relations in various contexts. The preposition 亁 gěi is usually used for three-place predicate, introducing an indirect object position. Out of the analyzed two-place predicates, two verbs entered this class, namely: 䗃 shū — проиграть (‘to lose’) (16); ᥔྦ jǐnǎi — доить (‘to milk’), lit. собирать молоко (‘to collect milk’) — thereby, доить (‘to milk’) in Mandarin Chinese demonstrates the possibility of alternative coding of arguments: positionally and in a special way as an adnominal modifier to an “empty object” in separable words líhécí , cf. (17a) and (17b): (16) ⦻ ࡊ 䗃㔉ᶘ◌Ҷ Wáng Gāng shū geǐ Yáng Lán le — Ван Ган проиграл Ян Лань (‘Wang Gang lost to Yang Lan’)