Проблемы литератур Дальнего Востока. Часть 2

Дальневосточные литературы в России и русская литература в странах Дальнего... Issues of Far Eastern Literatures. Vol. 1 61 any other special arrangement (1). The SOV model, wherein direct object is marked with the preposition ㈲ bǎ and takes the preverbal position (2), is also often used: (1) 㖺ਲ਼ᄙ㥹 Yáng chī nèn cǎo Овцы едят молодую траву (‘Lambs eat young grass’) (2) 㖺ᢺᄙ㥹ਲ਼Ҷ Yáng bǎ nèn cǎo chī le Овцы едят молодую траву (‘Lambs have eaten young grass’) In the postposition to verbs of some actional classes (of activities, occupations), the most typical object or a generic name of all its possible objects (the so-called ‘empty or dummy object’) may be used as a second argument. Thus, both (3) and (4) denote a type of activity, but if the second argument is not specified and there are no alternatives, the generic object Җ shū 'book' is added to the verb, since the postverbal position in Chinese cannot be left unfilled: (3) ᡁᮉҖDŽ Wǒ jiāo shū. — Я преподаю (‘I teach’) (4) ᡁᮉԆDŽ Wǒ jiāo tā. — Я преподаю ему (‘I teach him’) Such units containing a verbal and a nominal component, which often duplicates the meaning of the verb itself or does not introduce anything new into the general semantics, are traditionally referred to as ‘separable words’ líhécí ( ⿫ਸ䇽 ) in sinology. The isomorphism of the semantic and syntactic structure of líhécí and free word combinations raises certain difficulties in their differentiation, since their specific feature is that components of a separable word in a sentence may be used distantly, being separated from one another by other words, and each may have its own arrangement. (5) ⑨⌣ => ⑨ҶаՊ ݯ ⌣ плыть поплавать немного (‘to swim’) (‘to have a little swim’) (6) ᑞᘉ => ᑞᘉԆ => ᑞҶԆањབྷᘉ bāngmáng bāngmáng tā bangle tā yī gè dà máng помогать помогать ему оказал ему большую помощь (‘to assist’) (‘to assist him’) (‘rendered him great assistance’) Existential sentences having a special linear order different from the basic SVO order—stand alone in Chinese. These sentences are characterized by locative inversion and postverbal position of the main argument. In this syntactic pattern very frequent for Chinese, a semantic type of predicates usually cover such existential meanings as ‘to exist/to start existing/to stop existing’ (7). These uses are peculiar to posture verbs and verbs of unidirectional motion. In such sentences, not only presence/occurrence/